directory contain runtime and security information for the tinc daemon.
.Sh NETWORKS
-It is perfectly ok for you to run more than one tinc daemon.
-However, in its default form,
-you will soon notice that you can't use two different configuration files without the
-.Fl c
-option.
-
-.Pp
-We have thought of another way of dealing with this: network names.
-This means that you call
-.Nm
-with the
+To distinguish multiple instances of tinc running on one computer,
+you can use the
.Fl n
-option, which will assign a name to this daemon.
-
+option to assign a network name to each tinc daemon.
.Pp
-The effect of this is that the daemon will set its configuration root to
+The effect of this option is that the daemon will set its configuration root to
.Pa @sysconfdir@/tinc/ Ns Ar NETNAME Ns Pa / ,
where
.Ar NETNAME
.Fl n
option.
You'll notice that messages appear in syslog as coming from
-.Nm tincd. Ns Ar NETNAME .
-
+.Nm tincd. Ns Ar NETNAME ,
+and on Linux, unless specified otherwise, the name of the virtual network interface will be the same as the network name.
.Pp
-However, it is not strictly necessary that you call tinc with the
+It is recommended that you use network names even if you run only one instance of tinc.
+However, you can choose not to use the
.Fl n
option.
-In this case, the network name would just be empty,
-and it will be used as such.
+In this case, the network name would just be empty, and
.Nm tinc
now looks for files in
.Pa @sysconfdir@/tinc/ ,
and the host configuration files are now expected to be in
.Pa @sysconfdir@/tinc/hosts/ .
-.Pp
-But it is highly recommended that you use this feature of
-.Nm tinc ,
-because it will be so much clearer whom your daemon talks to.
-Hence, we will assume that you use it.
-
.Sh NAMES
Each tinc daemon should have a name that is unique in the network which it will be part of.
The name will be used by other tinc daemons for identification.
To make things easy,
choose something that will give unique and easy to remember names to your tinc daemon(s).
You could try things like hostnames, owner surnames or location names.
+However, you are only allowed to use alphanumerical characters (a-z, A-Z, and 0-9) and underscores (_) in the name.
+
+.Sh INITIAL CONFIGURATION
+If you have not configured tinc yet, you can easily create a basic configuration using the following command:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+.Nm tincctl Fl n Ar NETNAME Li init Ar NAME
+.Ed
+
+.Pp
+You can further change the configuration as needed either by manually editing the configuration files,
+or by using
+.Xr tincctl 8 .
.Sh PUBLIC/PRIVATE KEYS
-You should use
-.Ic tincd -K
-to generate public/private keypairs.
-It will generate two keys.
-The private key should be stored in a separate file
-.Pa @sysconfdir@/tinc/ Ns Ar NETNAME Ns Pa /rsa_key.priv
-\-\- where
-.Ar NETNAME
-stands for the network (see
-.Sx NETWORKS )
-above.
-The public key should be stored in the host configuration file
-.Pa @sysconfdir@/tinc/ Ns Ar NETNAME Ns Pa /hosts/ Ns Va NAME
-\-\- where
-.Va NAME
-stands for the name of the local tinc daemon (see
-.Sx NAMES ) .
+The
+.Nm tincctl Li init
+command will have generated both RSA and ECDSA public/private keypairs.
+The private keys should be stored in files named
+.Pa rsa_key.priv
+and
+.Pa ecdsa_key.priv
+in the directory
+.Pa @sysconfdir@/tinc/ Ns Ar NETNAME Ns Pa /
+The public keys should be stored in the host configuration file
+.Pa @sysconfdir@/tinc/ Ns Ar NETNAME Ns Pa /hosts/ Ns Va NAME .
+
+The RSA keys are used for backwards compatibility with tinc version 1.0.
+If you are upgrading from version 1.0 to 1.1, you can keep the old configuration files,
+but you will need to create ECDSA keys using the following command:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+.Nm tincctl Fl n Ar NETNAME Li generate-ecdsa-keys
+.Ed
.Sh SERVER CONFIGURATION
The server configuration of the daemon is done in the file
sign, but doing so improves readability.
If you leave it out, remember to replace it with at least one space character.
+.Pp
+The server configuration is complemented with host specific configuration (see the next section).
+Although all configuration options for the local host listed in this document can also be put in
+.Pa @sysconfdir@/tinc/ Ns Ar NETNAME Ns Pa /tinc.conf ,
+it is recommended to put host specific configuration options in the host configuration file,
+as this makes it easy to exchange with other nodes.
+
+.Pp
+You can edit the config file manually, but it is recommended that you use
+.Xr tincctl 8
+to change configuration variables for you.
+
.Pp
Here are all valid variables, listed in alphabetical order.
The default value is given between parentheses.
is selected, then depending on the operating system both IPv4 and IPv6 or just
IPv6 listening sockets will be created.
-.It Va BindToAddress Li = Ar address Bq experimental
+.It Va BindToAddress Li = Ar address Op Ar port
If your computer has more than one IPv4 or IPv6 address,
.Nm tinc
will by default listen on all of them for incoming connections.
-It is possible to bind only to a single address with this variable.
-
+Multiple
+.Va BindToAddress
+variables may be specified,
+in which case listening sockets for each specified address are made.
.Pp
-This option may not work on all platforms.
+If no
+.Ar port
+is specified, the socket will be bound to the port specified by the
+.Va Port
+option, or to port 655 if neither is given.
+To only bind to a specific port but not to a specific address, use
+.Li *
+for the
+.Ar address .
.It Va BindToInterface Li = Ar interface Bq experimental
If your computer has more than one network interface,
.Pp
This option may not work on all platforms.
+Also, on some platforms it will not actually bind to an interface,
+but rather to the address that the interface has at the moment a socket is created.
+
+.It Va Broadcast Li = no | mst | direct Po mst Pc Bq experimental
+This option selects the way broadcast packets are sent to other daemons.
+NOTE: all nodes in a VPN must use the same
+.Va Broadcast
+mode, otherwise routing loops can form.
+
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It no
+Broadcast packets are never sent to other nodes.
+
+.It mst
+Broadcast packets are sent and forwarded via the VPN's Minimum Spanning Tree.
+This ensures broadcast packets reach all nodes.
+
+.It direct
+Broadcast packets are sent directly to all nodes that can be reached directly.
+Broadcast packets received from other nodes are never forwarded.
+If the IndirectData option is also set, broadcast packets will only be sent to nodes which we have a meta connection to.
+.El
.It Va ConnectTo Li = Ar name
Specifies which other tinc daemon to connect to on startup.
won't try to connect to other daemons at all,
and will instead just listen for incoming connections.
+.It Va DecrementTTL Li = yes | no Po no Pc Bq experimental
+When enabled,
+.Nm tinc
+will decrement the Time To Live field in IPv4 packets, or the Hop Limit field in IPv6 packets,
+before forwarding a received packet to the virtual network device or to another node,
+and will drop packets that have a TTL value of zero,
+in which case it will send an ICMP Time Exceeded packet back.
+.Pp
+Do not use this option if you use switch mode and want to use IPv6.
+
.It Va Device Li = Ar device Po Pa /dev/tap0 , Pa /dev/net/tun No or other depending on platform Pc
The virtual network device to use.
.Nm tinc
The info pages of the tinc package contain more information
about configuring the virtual network device.
-.It Va DeviceType Li = tun | tunnohead | tunifhead | tap Po only supported on BSD platforms Pc
+.It Va DeviceType Li = Ar type Pq platform dependent
The type of the virtual network device.
-Tinc will normally automatically select the right type, and this option should not be used.
-However, in case tinc does not seem to correctly interpret packets received from the virtual network device,
-using this option might help.
+Tinc will normally automatically select the right type of tun/tap interface, and this option should not be used.
+However, this option can be used to select one of the special interface types, if support for them is compiled in.
.Bl -tag -width indent
-.It tun
+.It dummy
+Use a dummy interface.
+No packets are ever read or written to a virtual network device.
+Useful for testing, or when setting up a node that only forwards packets for other nodes.
+
+.It raw_socket
+Open a raw socket, and bind it to a pre-existing
+.Va Interface
+(eth0 by default).
+All packets are read from this interface.
+Packets received for the local node are written to the raw socket.
+However, at least on Linux, the operating system does not process IP packets destined for the local host.
+
+.It multicast
+Open a multicast UDP socket and bind it to the address and port (separated by spaces) and optionally a TTL value specified using
+.Va Device .
+Packets are read from and written to this multicast socket.
+This can be used to connect to UML, QEMU or KVM instances listening on the same multicast address.
+Do NOT connect multiple
+.Nm tinc
+daemons to the same multicast address, this will very likely cause routing loops.
+Also note that this can cause decrypted VPN packets to be sent out on a real network if misconfigured.
+
+.It uml Pq not compiled in by default
+Create a UNIX socket with the filename specified by
+.Va Device ,
+or
+.Pa @localstatedir@/run/ Ns Ar NETNAME Ns Pa .umlsocket
+if not specified.
+.Nm tinc
+will wait for a User Mode Linux instance to connect to this socket.
+
+.It vde Pq not compiled in by default
+Uses the libvdeplug library to connect to a Virtual Distributed Ethernet switch,
+using the UNIX socket specified by
+.Va Device ,
+or
+.Pa @localstatedir@/run/vde.ctl
+if not specified.
+.El
+
+Also, in case tinc does not seem to correctly interpret packets received from the virtual network device,
+it can be used to change the way packets are interpreted:
+
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+
+.It tun Pq BSD and Linux
Set type to tun.
Depending on the platform, this can either be with or without an address family header (see below).
-.It tunnohead
+.It tunnohead Pq BSD
Set type to tun without an address family header.
Tinc will expect packets read from the virtual network device to start with an IP header.
On some platforms IPv6 packets cannot be read from or written to the device in this mode.
-.It tunifhead
+.It tunifhead Pq BSD
Set type to tun with an address family header.
Tinc will expect packets read from the virtual network device
to start with a four byte header containing the address family,
followed by an IP header.
This mode should support both IPv4 and IPv6 packets.
-.It tap
+.It tap Pq BSD and Linux
Set type to tap.
Tinc will expect packets read from the virtual network device
to start with an Ethernet header.
.El
-.It Va GraphDumpFile Li = Ar filename Bq experimental
+.It Va DirectOnly Li = yes | no Po no Pc Bq experimental
+When this option is enabled, packets that cannot be sent directly to the destination node,
+but which would have to be forwarded by an intermediate node, are dropped instead.
+When combined with the IndirectData option,
+packets for nodes for which we do not have a meta connection with are also dropped.
+
+.It Va ECDSAPrivateKeyFile Li = Ar filename Po Pa @sysconfdir@/tinc/ Ns Ar NETNAME Ns Pa /ecdsa_key.priv Pc
+The file in which the private ECDSA key of this tinc daemon resides.
+This is only used if
+.Va ExperimentalProtocol
+is enabled.
+
+.It Va ExperimentalProtocol Li = yes | no Po no Pc Bq experimental
+When this option is enabled, experimental protocol enhancements will be used.
+Ephemeral ECDH will be used for key exchanges,
+and ECDSA will be used instead of RSA for authentication.
+When enabled, an ECDSA key must have been generated before with
+.Nm tincctl generate-ecdsa-keys .
+The experimental protocol may change at any time,
+and there is no guarantee that tinc will run stable when it is used.
+
+.It Va Forwarding Li = off | internal | kernel Po internal Pc Bq experimental
+This option selects the way indirect packets are forwarded.
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+
+.It off
+Incoming packets that are not meant for the local node,
+but which should be forwarded to another node, are dropped.
+
+.It internal
+Incoming packets that are meant for another node are forwarded by tinc internally.
+
+.Pp
+This is the default mode, and unless you really know you need another forwarding mode, don't change it.
+
+.It kernel
+Incoming packets are always sent to the TUN/TAP device, even if the packets are not for the local node.
+This is less efficient, but allows the kernel to apply its routing and firewall rules on them,
+and can also help debugging.
+.El
+
+.It Va GraphDumpFile Li = Ar filename
If this option is present,
.Nm tinc
will dump the current network graph to the file
.Pp
This does not affect resolving hostnames to IP addresses from the
-host configuration files.
+host configuration files, but whether hostnames should be resolved while logging.
+
+.It Va IffOneQueue Li = yes | no Po no Pc Bq experimental
+(Linux only) Set IFF_ONE_QUEUE flag on TUN/TAP devices.
.It Va Interface Li = Ar interface
Defines the name of the interface corresponding to the virtual network device.
It is common practice to change keys at regular intervals to make it even harder for crackers,
even though it is thought to be nearly impossible to crack a single key.
+.It Va LocalDiscovery Li = yes | no Pq no
+When enabled,
+.Nm tinc
+will try to detect peers that are on the same local network.
+This will allow direct communication using LAN addresses, even if both peers are behind a NAT
+and they only ConnectTo a third node outside the NAT,
+which normally would prevent the peers from learning each other's LAN address.
+
+.Pp
+Currently, local discovery is implemented by sending broadcast packets to the LAN during path MTU discovery.
+This feature may not work in all possible situations.
+
.It Va MACExpire Li = Ar seconds Pq 600
This option controls the amount of time MAC addresses are kept before they are removed.
This only has effect when
.It Va Name Li = Ar name Bq required
This is the name which identifies this tinc daemon.
It must be unique for the virtual private network this daemon will connect to.
+The Name may only consist of alphanumeric and underscore characters.
+
+If
+.Va Name
+starts with a
+.Li $ ,
+then the contents of the environment variable that follows will be used.
+In that case, invalid characters will be converted to underscores.
+If
+.Va Name
+is
+.Li $HOST ,
+but no such environment variable exist, the hostname will be read using the gethostnname() system call.
.It Va PingInterval Li = Ar seconds Pq 60
The number of seconds of inactivity that
specified in the configuration file.
.It Va ProcessPriority Li = low | normal | high
-When this option is used the priority of the tincd process will be adjusted.
+When this option is used the priority of the
+.Nm tincd
+process will be adjusted.
Increasing the priority may help to reduce latency and packet loss on the VPN.
+.It Va Proxy Li = socks4 | socks5 | http | exec Ar ... Bq experimental
+Use a proxy when making outgoing connections.
+The following proxy types are currently supported:
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It socks4 Ar address Ar port Op Ar username
+Connects to the proxy using the SOCKS version 4 protocol.
+Optionally, a
+.Ar username
+can be supplied which will be passed on to the proxy server.
+Only IPv4 connections can be proxied using SOCKS 4.
+.It socks5 Ar address Ar port Op Ar username Ar password
+Connect to the proxy using the SOCKS version 5 protocol.
+If a
+.Ar username
+and
+.Ar password
+are given, basic username/password authentication will be used,
+otherwise no authentication will be used.
+.It http Ar address Ar port
+Connects to the proxy and sends a HTTP CONNECT request.
+.It exec Ar command
+Executes the given
+.Ar command
+which should set up the outgoing connection.
+The environment variables
+.Ev NAME ,
+.Ev NODE ,
+.Ev REMOTEADDRES
+and
+.Ev REMOTEPORT
+are available.
+.El
+
+.It Va ReplayWindow Li = Ar bytes Pq 16
+vhis is the size of the replay tracking window for each remote node, in bytes.
+The window is a bitfield which tracks 1 packet per bit, so for example
+the default setting of 16 will track up to 128 packets in the window. In high
+bandwidth scenarios, setting this to a higher value can reduce packet loss from
+the interaction of replay tracking with underlying real packet loss and/or
+reordering. Setting this to zero will disable replay tracking completely and
+pass all traffic, but leaves tinc vulnerable to replay-based attacks on your
+traffic.
+
.It Va StrictSubnets Li = yes | no Po no Pc Bq experimental
When this option is enabled tinc will only use Subnet statements which are
present in the host config files in the local
.Pa @sysconfdir@/tinc/ Ns Ar NETNAME Ns Pa /hosts/
directory.
Setting this options also implicitly sets StrictSubnets.
+
+.It Va UDPRcvBuf Li = Ar bytes Pq OS default
+Sets the socket receive buffer size for the UDP socket, in bytes.
+If unset, the default buffer size will be used by the operating system.
+
+.It Va UDPSndBuf Li = Ar bytes Pq OS default
+Sets the socket send buffer size for the UDP socket, in bytes.
+If unset, the default buffer size will be used by the operating system.
.El
.Sh HOST CONFIGURATION FILES
no secrets are revealed by sending out this information.
.Bl -tag -width indent
-.It Va Address Li = Ar address Oo port Oc Bq recommended
+.It Va Address Li = Ar address Oo Ar port Oc Bq recommended
The IP address or hostname of this tinc daemon on the real network.
This will only be used when trying to make an outgoing connection to this tinc daemon.
Optionally, a port can be specified to use for this address.
Subnets can either be single MAC, IPv4 or IPv6 addresses,
in which case a subnet consisting of only that single address is assumed,
or they can be a IPv4 or IPv6 network address with a prefixlength.
-Shorthand notations are not supported.
For example, IPv4 subnets must be in a form like 192.168.1.0/24,
where 192.168.1.0 is the network address and 24 is the number of bits set in the netmask.
Note that subnets like 192.168.1.1/24 are invalid!
Read a networking HOWTO/FAQ/guide if you don't understand this.
-IPv6 subnets are notated like fec0:0:0:1:0:0:0:0/64.
+IPv6 subnets are notated like fec0:0:0:1::/64.
MAC addresses are notated like 0:1a:2b:3c:4d:5e.
.Pp
When a subnet becomes (un)reachable, this is set to the subnet weight.
.El
+.Pp
+Do not forget that under UNIX operating systems, you have to make the scripts executable, using the command
+.Nm chmod Li a+x Pa script .
+
.Sh FILES
The most important files are:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr tincd 8 ,
+.Xr tincctl 8 ,
.Pa http://www.tinc-vpn.org/ ,
-.Pa http://www.linuxdoc.org/LDP/nag2/ .
+.Pa http://www.tldp.org/LDP/nag2/ .
.Pp
The full documentation for
projects / tinc / blobdiff